Education is not Ingesting Encapsulated Information Essay

Education is not Ingesting Encapsulated Information - Essay Example In this context, the article, â€Å"Why America’s Universities are Better Than its Schools,† by E D Hirsh Jr. becomes significant to the US education system in the present day. The author contends that the K-12 system suffers due to the reason that â€Å"intellectual orthodoxy† controls it whereas public colleges and universities, which are free from the control of â€Å"educationist point of view† are functioning better, which is a fact that â€Å"international community† acknowledges (Hirsch 144). My own experience as a student makes me see what the author means. I have encountered several situations when my sense of curiosity has often been dampened by a cold stare from my tutor who wants me just to study what is being â€Å"taught† in the class. The author chooses a topic which gains high significance in the present day society. Our country boasts of development in all facets of life but, unfortunately, we ignore some of the crucial facto rs, which can jeopardize the future of upcoming generations. Education is a key element in a person’s life and to groom our children into responsible citizens, we must provide them with appropriate learning facilities and environment. Hirsch, through this article, strikes home this point with clarity, precision and impact. Relevance of the topic aside, more important is the manner in which he accomplishes this mission. He wastes no time or effort in foreshadowing the subject matter and takes a straightforward plunge into the core of it. The simplicity, directness and panache with which he does this draw the reader immediately into the heart of the problem. The author deploys with deftness, the device of rhetoric in the article, for the purpose of persuading his audience and conveys the message strongly to convince them. In the outset, Hirsch states the problem with the K-12 system due to its being controlled by orthodox philosophy and contrasts it with the university educatio n system which eschews the educationalist approach and has received international acclaim. The author, then, explains that it is easier to â€Å"create a good K-12 system than a good university system† as can be evidenced from the fact that even under developed countries have good public schools (Hirsch 144 Para 2). Referring to the American tradition of â€Å"free speech and consequent toleration,† the author emphasizes on the significance of â€Å"open discussion and iconoclasm† in providing an environment where â€Å"intellectual excellence can flourish,† which the school systems seem to miss (Hirsch 144 Para 3). Besides, according to him, the elements of â€Å"openness and competitiveness distinguish colleges and universities,† and they place â€Å"great value on depth, breadth and accuracy of knowledge and independence of thought,† which are the key ingredients of objective learning that schools lack (Hirsch 144 Para 4). Moreover, Hirsc h believes that schools rely on â€Å"banking theory of schooling† based on â€Å"rote learning,† which deprives them of quality. The author draws attention to the steep decline by 75% in the number of students in college entrance tests who score above 650 in verbal and math. This figure acts as the pointer to the deterioration in the quality of school education. He makes another allusion to the high percentage of foreign students coming to US and quotes the

Phobias and Addiction Paper Essay Example for Free

Phobias and Addiction Paper Essay A phobia is a learned bodily response in reference to a difficult life event. Centered in the amygdala portion of the brain which regulates the fight or flight response, a somatic sensation of anxiety occurs in the presence of specific stimuli. The precipitating factor may have been experienced by the person themselves-or may have been experienced secondhand through misfortune that may have occurred to a friend or loved on. In some cases, a phobia may have no discernible cause or may appear irrational-to everyone but the person experiencing it! Phobic reactions or symptoms of anxiety can include: a racing heart, sweaty palms, an upset stomach and a general feeling of unease. Classical conditioning is a response that is triggered by an outside stimulus-or the thought of such stimulus. The perfect example is the Pavlovian response-in which Pavlov would ring a bell before dinnertime and his dogs would salivate. Over time, he extinguished the presence of the food yet kept the ringing of the bell. The dogs still salivated-at the idea of food coming, a basic bodily response to the suggestion of a specific stimulus. This is commonly referred to as a Pavlovian response. Classical conditioning has two components to it-the acquisition stage and the extinction phase. In the acquisition stage, the initial learned response is obtained. For example, in the case of a phobia-a person may break out in a cold sweat presence of crossing a bridge as he drives. In the extinction phase, the bridge may not be present but the memory of it may be present-enough to still cause the phobic reaction. Thus, merely thinking about a stimulus, even when it is extinct, can still bring on the same phobic response. The phobic response, therefore, is strengthened each time it is felt. The stimulus-present or not-extinct or not-become fused together in the persons mind. The phobia sufferer then will go to great lengths to avoid the stimulus at any cost. The phobia then worsens as he avoids facing his fears head on. This is how classical conditioning can increase the intensity of a phobia. Addictions are defined as a persistent behavioral pattern that is marked by physical and/or psychological dependency on someone or something. Addictions became an issue in the treatment milieu when they significantly disrupt the life of the addicted individual. Terminology has become quite complicated. Those individuals from a medical background define addiction from a physiological basis. For example-opiates, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol and nicotine are classical examples of those substances, which cause a physical dependence. On a lesser scale, there are those items that can cause a physiological dependence, as evidenced by changes in the neurotransmitters in the brain-some examples would be over the counter nasal sprays or laxatives. Psychological addictions can be defined within the context of a slippery slope- there are as many addictions as there are specialists to treat them. (Evidence the most recent news of the plethora of celebrities being treated for sex addiction. ) Some examples of area in which psychological addiction may occur include the following-shopping, pornography, eating, exercise and self injury. There is a physiologic reward, however, as the object of the addictive persons attention -akathe reward activates the pleasure enter of the brain-emitting dopamine. Therefore, the addictive behavior is rewarded with a rush of dopamine to the person engaging in the behavior. Operant conditioning is the use of consequences to form or shape a behavior. There are three main components relevant to operant conditioning. First, there is the aspect of reinforcement-this basically applies to a consequence that causes the addictive behavior to occur with greater frequency. An example of this would be as follows- An individual is consumed with shopping. They scour the news every day to find out where the sales will be taking place; they belong to a network of people that trade shopping information relevant to their area of interest. Then the day comes and they make the purchase. This act reinforces their addiction with a momentary high (that is usually short lived. ) Second, the aspect of punishment-a consequence that makes an action occur, less frequently-comes into play. When an addictive urge is felt, and the desired object is taken away (i. e. the punishment) the urge to obtain the desired rush still exists-albeit even stronger. The person then works harder to obtain the drug, the act, and the food-whatever the addiction is. In this way, the operant conditioning aspect of punishment reinforces and addiction. Third, there is the element of extinction. Extinction occurs when there is a lack of consequence following a behavior-good or bad. An individual who is wantonly exhibiting a sexual addiction while in a serious relationship-l et’s take that as an example. Without being caught, there is no consequence. The addictive behavior continues unchecked. It is reinforced. I have exemplified the ways in which operant conditioning can develop and maintain addictive behavior. The difference between classical and operant conditioning is as follows: very succinctly put, classical conditioning forms a relationship between two stimuli-for example, one thinks of/or sees a chocolate cake, the salivary glands begin to work! Operant conditioning forms a relationship between a stimuli and a consequence. You touch the stove while its on, you get burnt. Bet you wont do that again-a relationship is formed on the basis of a negative consequence. Conversely, the consequence can also be positive. Example-you do your homework on time and as assigned, you get a good grade, a positive consequence has occurred, which will (hopefully) shape future behaviors. Extinction is achieved through the gradual phasing out of reward in operant conditioning, while hoping to still achieve the same behavior. Example, one has been rewarded with a good driver award after years of possessing a great driving record. With the extinction of this positive consequence (i. e. no reward)-one would hope that the good driving habits would continue. In classical conditioning, I will present an example-if we ring a bell and cause a dog we have a conditioned stimulus-however if we keep ringing that bell without giving the dog any food (an unconditioned stimulus) eventually the dog will unlearn his conditioned response. Extinction has then occurred. In summation, extinction is operant conditioning relates to the phasing out of consequence in classical conditioning it is the phasing out of response.

Emirates Airlines And Fly Dubai Management Essay

Emirates Airlines And Fly Dubai Management Essay The below report is based on two airlines in the United Arab Emirates and they are Emirates Airlines which was established in the year 1985 and up to now is one of the best airlines worldwide flying to over 124 destinations by operating the latest airbuses also providing and offering the best services to its customers and Fly Dubai an upcoming low-cost airline established in 2008 operating about 51 destinations with a fleet size of 23 by giving the travel solution to the customers who wish to travel abroad for cheap fare with no additional services. The report shows an analysis of the two organizational structures on how emirates has a Tall, hierarchical organizational structure in comparison to that Fly Dubai has a flat structure with very few key people and others in same par. It further extends to the understanding of the relationship of the organization structure and its culture, the different approaches of management and leadership styles on how Tim Clark CEO of Emirates and Ghaith Al Ghaith CEO of Fly Dubai lead their organization and the effectiveness of the style they follow. The two companies practice of the classical approach to management is also analysed and an evaluation on the different approaches to management. The task two which is the presentation is based on the understanding of ways of using motivational theories within the two organizations and the mechanisms for developing effective teamwork. Introduction The below report is an analysis of the two airlines, that is Emirates Airlines and Fly Dubai. It focuses on the organizational structure and the behaviour of individuals and groups within two organizations. As a trainee management consultant of emirates airlines I have managed to get information regarding the structure of the organization, the cultural behaviour of the employees of the organization and also the behavioural problems and how they are solved. in the report we identify two main characters in the two Airlines and analyse how the different styles of leadership have helped to guide the subordinates and to help the growth of the organization The assignment covers a presentation which will be presented to the assessor on the due date. Task One 1.1 Structure and culture analysis An organization is a structure through which individuals and groups cooperate systematically to conduct business. With the comparison and contrasting of the two companies which is Emirates Airlines and Fly Dubai we can analyse the structure and culture of the two organizations to get a better understanding on the relationship between the organizational structure and culture. Emirates is Airline that was established in October 1985, since the beginning up until now there are very distinctive growths that have taken place and as of now Emirates is an award winning airline flying to over 124 destinations across the 6 continents by operating over 177 aircrafts and employing over 55000 employees that speak different languages. Emirates have diversified into related industries and sectors, including airport services, engineering, hospitality services, catering, and tour operator operations. Fly Dubai was established in July 2008 by the Government of Dubai and was supported by Emirates at the beginning stage Fly Dubai commenced operations on the 1 June 2009 and up to now they are flying to around 51 destinations with a fleet size of 23 aircrafts. Fly Dubai is an airline mainly based on web sales I.e. It is mainly a web based airline where not much of interaction happens between the airline personals and the customers. Even though it is a budget airline it has a very high since 2009 to now they have a significant growth within the industry. Organizational Structure of Emirates Airlines. The organizational structure of emirates is a very tall, rather hierarchical structure hence the structure starts with Chairman, Vice presidents, Executive secretaries, Divisional VP , Senior VP, Regional managers, Area managers, Department heads and Supervisors below that the staff reporting upwards. The structure presented below contains the main people as well as the structure of the organization more in to the passenger sales executive management until the operational level managers Organizational Structure of Fly Dubai The Chairman of Fly Dubai and emirates Airlines are the same however it is two different organizations managed by a totally different management with few heads and the rest of them in the same par. In analysing the two structures it is clear that Emirates Airlines has a Tall organizational structure as the organization is a large global organization hence the more the company grows the levels of management will rise which will make the structure of the organization tall (hierarchical). When a company has a Tall organizational structure there are various advantages. In a tall structure we can observe a very close supervisory control because of the hierarchical structure involved and also it is a more authoritative structure as the consequences, the roles and responsibilities are clearly defined. The other good thing about this structure is that the responsible person is accountable to higher authorities therefor mistakes are less as well as considered decisions will be made at all times. However sometimes it may be disadvantageous towards the side of the employees as the level of motivation may stand somewhat lower which will in return affect the company also another major disad vantage is that the tall structure creates a huge communication barrier with the top management, middle level managers as well as the lower level manager. Emirates group is a large group with many managerial levels. There are many departments involved various tasks, from the departments serving the customers needs to the engineering department as well as the catering departments and also many more. However each of them are managed by a department head and reported upwards to the middle level and so on to the top management . Emirates airlines is not fully based online like Fly Dubai, there is a major role played by the staff in different stations hence regional managers, area managers, department managers and supervisors are appointed. In the case of Fly Dubai the management is limited and also it is still a new airline that was established about 3 years ago. In analysing Fly Dubai it is clear that the airline has a flat organizational structure as there are only few key people to manage as mentioned above. However there are few directors as well as airport officers appointed to make sure the operations run smoothly. In flat structure have only few management levels where each level controls and managers a large area. The advantage of this structure is that there is a greater communication with the employee and employer and also easy decision making as less people to discuss with but sometimes it may be based on a one persons ideas which can be disadvantageous. It becomes unfavourable in as the key people have to solve all problems of employees and in the organization and also the Lack of layers may reduce opportunities for high level strategic management. 1.2 Evaluation of how the structure of each company supports its culture and how this relationship affects the business. The culture is based on how the business is done. Mainly the belief, norms, customs, values and ideas of the employees within the organization is what it is built upon. A cultural environment should always motivate the employees of the organization to give out their best towards the enhancement of the business performance. The culture of Emirates Airlines is a more quality and service oriented and also has a very forward -looking culture that takes into consideration the customers requirements and makes sure the customer is given out the best at all times whereas in Fly Dubai it is more of power culture, which is all decisions are centralized around one key individual, there isnt much of an interaction with the customer and the airline employees. Emirates has a more role oriented culture where the entire organizational structure has a role to play in order to make sure each of the flights departs on time with all booked customers with to all required facilities. All employees as well as the top management are responsible for every action taken. The Tall structure of emirates works in a favourable manner in the process of decision making as many different ideas can be obtained by the multicultural set of managers as well as the employees. When working according to a vision, having different ideas, having different values will lead to the conducting of business in an ethical way and in return it will enhance the performance of the employees and motivate them to perform well to give out the best. In the case of Fly Dubai, the airline has a more task oriented culture as the main is to make sure the maximum amount of customers are on the flight and also they have only limited intervention with customers hence the customers welfare is not really considered. However each companys culture differs depending on the top management and the employees behaviour patterns. Fly Dubai has few key people and out of which the Owner of the airline is the same as emirates but the cultures of both organizations are completely different. One which is Emirates Airlines, a customer service oriented airline that servers customers to the best by offering various different comforts and additional benefits in order to and make the customer feel good, to satisfy the customer for the price paid and also to retain customers for the long run. The other is Fly Dubai which is a budget airline in Dubai for customers seeking a travel solution for the cheaper fares, in this airline the customers are not given a dditional benefits the culture they impose is that anything is money even the food on board should be bought even the basic baggage allowance is also charged for separately but they give out good deals for customers with less budget. However there are some similarities in the cultural aspects of both airlines, that is both airlines are innovative, they are full of people with new ideas and experiences both airlines have a very friendly background. They also have created a challenging culture. Emirates manly have three main intentions of how to behave in the organization in order to achieve the ultimate goals and objectives of the company. Challenge Conviction Here the employees and managers are influenced by the culture of the organization which all employees should adapt to and that is to accept any challenging situation that come your way. For that the employees should be Curious, Brave, Imaginative Pioneering, Innovative, Ambitious If the organizational structure supports the company culture there will be good improvement in the business performance and also it will motivate the employees in many ways as then they have a clear idea on what is expected and how the organization works. Anticipate and Exceed Customer Expectations This is another way that the customer oriented and service oriented culture can be brought out. For this the staff has to act accordingly with the help of the management. Cosmopolitan, Visionary, Empathetic Human, Intelligent, Hi-tech Have a Can-Do Attitude the attitude has been created among the employees that anything is possible. The organization has a very positive culture hence all employees are motivated by it to work to the best of the ability. 1.3 What each company does in order to identify and solve employee behavioural problems In each company there are problems that are unique to the employees job role accordingly these problems must be identified by the supervisor and should be communicated to the management and make sure decisions have been made to make these problems minimal. In Emirates airlines the main control point is Dubai however each station in different countries has their own problems, sometimes it may be common problems. Taking into consideration Emirates Colombo station, they identify problems by having meetings weekly to discuss issues that have arisen during the week, and solutions are given for these problems by discussing with the relevant management. The employees attitude towards work is also important. Some employees have issues in performance on time for his problem deadlines should be given in order to make sure the job is done on time. Another problem is that if there is a job that needs to be completed the staff will wait till the supervisor instructs them to do so where as they should be advised to make sure no work is in pending status. Some of the key problems that might be common in an organization Unethical behaviour- this can be described in many different actions of employees Theft to disclosure of confidential information to the misrepresentation of products and services, These types of issues are serious as information is conveyed incorrectly and also there may be financial losses for the company. There are agreements that have been signed in order to make sure of the honesty of the employees continues in the future.. Time Management the other problem is on timely performance. When a reservation is made and it is not issued on time the customer will be lost. Employees and time spent for personal matters should be clearly communicated so that employees know whether or not they can answer text messages and personal emails during work time. Employees also need to manage their time wisely when it comes to rest and lunch breaks as well as getting to work on time. If an employee is not managing that time wisely, the company ultimately loses. Fly Dubai is an Airline that directly deals with the customers online through a website. The customers do not have contact with the employees or management but there are a set of employees and managers who work behind the scene. In this case also the above discussed problems will arise hence the with good communication, supervisory and also identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the employees it will help the management to solve the employee behavioural problems amicably. 2.1 Effectiveness of the leadership styles Leadership is the glue that holds all elements in a team together. Good leadership has the ability to transform and inspire both individuals and groups. Emirates airline being one of the leading airlines in the world has many people behind its success and out them Tim Clark as the CEO has a prominent role played in order to manage the organization with the guidance of the chairman His Highness Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum. In analysing Tim Clarks leadership patterns we can identify that he has the qualities of an Autocratic, where he has to command to the management below in a situation where an instant decision has to be taken and Democratic when in a situation that he has to communicate with the rest of the structure to make important decisions. He also has qualities of a dynamic leader, a person who looks as each situation in a different way and adapts to the chargers. As a leader he is quick thinker and a wise decision maker. Tim Clark is a leader who is full of innovative ideas, integrity, dedication, openness and magnanimity. Whatever he does is done with great passion and love for the company and the employees. He is a CEO who makes sure that all employees are treated well. Many new ideas and innovations have been initiated from him; eg the idea of re-launching the brand to hello tomorrow and making it a lifestyle brand, solving some issues related to the A380 aircraft order. He is a person who is not hesitant when it comes to taking risk. He does not follow any traditional ways of doing business but a man with a business mind, who will lead the employees to be easily motivated by the changing world, innovation and upcoming business opportunities that will enhance the business growth and bring success to organization as a whole. (article Group world ) In analysing the leadership styles of Ghaith Al Ghaith the CEO of Fly Dubai, it is clear that he is a very democratic leader; decisions are made by taking ideas from other managers. Within a short time period fly Dubai has succeeded in capturing the market looking for travel solutions. Ghaith Al Ghaith is a very innovative thinker, a leader driven by the vision to be a low-cost and reliable link to key destinations around the globe. Over all a very understanding, brave, challenge accepting and a leader who is believes that nothing is impossible Over the course of my career I have realized the secret to success is team work, attention to detail, dedication and tenacity to go the extra mile. Learning this from the early stages of my career has stood me in good stead for where I am today (article [onlineHYPERLINK ../../../../../Pending/Other/article [online] http://www.ttgmena.com/Interview-with-Ghaith-Al-Ghaith/] http://www.ttgmena.com/Interview-with-Ghaith-Al-Ghaith/ 23/0812 ) 2.2 How do the two companies practice the classical approach to management? Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. There are different approaches to management, Classical approach to management is mainly concerned with increasing the efficiency of workers organizations based on management practice which were and outcome of careful observation. In Emirates the y focus on a worldwide standard that is if any customer calls any contact centre in the world they will be handled in the exact same way as all other station mainly some of the things are done in the idea of one best way to do the job but when situations are unique then the approach differs. In emirates they identify the employees capability of doing each job that is been assigned to them and on that they develop a standard method of performance for each job, the employees are given standard educational training in Dubai on the system and the how to handle the customers as well as the introduction and background of emirates as a group. They also evaluate on how the employees perform their job and if there is an improvement and an enhancement in business practice. In return for good performance and motivational purposes the employees are appreciated and rewarded. Fly Dubai uses the classical management approach only in the decision making process where they emphasise on the purpose of providing the travel solution .Since Fly Dubai is based on web sales the management uses classical approach in a very minimal way however the idea they impose is that the best way of doing business is through the web since they are a new airline and young to the industry they are trying their best to grow as much as they could. 2.3 Evaluation of different approaches to management used by the two organizations Both organizations follow two or more management approaches as some of them change depending on the situation, when we say Classical approach is emphasises on the organizations formal structure, technical requirements and set of principles and in both companies we can see the formal structure and also the principles on how everything is done. There is a rule for everything and a standard way that things are done. Eg- forecasting and planning looking into the future and drawing up action plans organizing building up the material and human structure of the undertaking commanding maintaining activity amount personnel coordinating unifying and harmonizing activity and effort controlling ensuring that things conform to rules and instructions The Human Resource perspective to management suggested that jobs should be designed to meet higher levels needs by allowing workers to use their full potential. In the Human relation point Emirates uses tack tics like Better treatment, need for recognition, better salaries and bonuses, promotions and recognition to the employees to the level that it is needed so that they are easily motivated to do the job in a more positive sense. The employees social welfare is looked in to at all times, there is high job security as well as medical benefits. In Fly Dubai they treat all employees equally and opportunities are given to everyone, the employees ideas and new innovations are taken in to consideration. The people working under fly Dubai is motivated by the secure working environment, profit share salary and other benefits. They also make sure that the employees are problem free from any aspect at all times as if any personal problem it will affect the performance of the employee. The contingency approach to management is an extension of the humanistic perspective which is based on the idea that in an organization there is no one best way in the management process (planning, organizing, leading, and controlling) to successfully resolve any tailored circumstances; because organizations, people and situations vary and change over time. Thus, the right thing to do depends on a complex variety of critical environmental and internal contingencies. In the airline industry many things depend on the customer needs and wants hence many situations differ from one customer to another so depending on the kind of issue the solution will be based and this approach is common in both airlines. Conclusion We can conclude saying that Emirates airlines and Fly Dubai two distinctive airlines as Emirates is a conventional airline and the other is a low- cost carrier. However in the analysis on the organizational structures we identified that Emirates has a Tall structure where there is a large number of employees in the managerial level appointed and given the responsibilities of certain areas and Fly Dubai has a flat structure with few key people. The report consists of behavioural problems within the organization and the solutions and also the leadership styles of the CEOs of both organizations. Based on the last few analyses we are able to understand the different approaches to management.

Altering Human Genome Essay -- Eugenics Genetics Science Essays

Altering Human Genome â€Å"The gene pool could use a little chlorine.† -Bumper Sticker â€Å"Consider God’s handiwork; who can straighten what He hath made crooked?† -Ecclesiastes 7:13, from Gattaca â€Å"I not only think that we will tamper with Mother Nature. I think Mother wants us to.† -Willard Gaylin, from Gattaca With the scientific breakthroughs of the recent decades the humans have become more powerful than ever in their mastery of Nature. The genetic engineering that allows extracting and modifying the genetic makeup of the future person or animal is in a sense the power of Creation. According to the Genesis, we are created in God’s image. The power to modify our chromosomes not only presents to us the vast possibilities, but also burdens us with a plethora of responsibilities dealing with the ethical issues. Genetic engineering allows the scientists to advance their studies in the field of eugenics, a science that deals with the improvement of hereditary qualities of a race or breed. There are numerous people in the world that were born or will be born with a certain genetic defect. In the olden days of the purely physical of Darwinist survival of the fittest, such people would generally not fair as well as those without the genetic mutations or abnormalities. The diabetics used to lead a rather misfortunate and short life before the insulin had been discovered. Now, however, they flourish on par with the non-diabetics. â€Å"Since, however, they were not generally able to have children; these individuals were as genetically dead as if they had been stillborn† (Fabricated Man 4). Since then, the science had advanced and now the diabetic mothers can safely bring their offspring to life, thus potentially passing on the g... ... Boook Company, 1940 Garrigan, Owen. "Man's Intervention in Nature" New York: Hawthorne Books, 1967 Glasner, Peter. "Genetic Imaginations -- Ethical Legal and Social Issues in HUman Genome Research" Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1998 Hood, Kelves. "The Code of Codes" Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992 Ludmerer, Kenneth M. "Genetics and American Society" Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1972 Ramse, Paul. "Fabricated Man: The Ethics of Genetic Control" London: Yale University Press, 1974 Links http://www.ratical.org/co-globalize/MaeWanHo/newethic.html#p4 http://www.cbhd.org/resources/overviews/clonover.html http://www.iatrogenic.org/library/moralphysician.html http://www.consciencelaws.org/Examining-Conscience-Issues/ethical/Articles/Ethical19.html http://www.sciam.com/explorations/2001/021201humangenome/

Power dimension in family

is power in the family best explained by the first, second or third dimensional view of power ? When we think about power in social context it is can be termed as specific ability of influencing or controlling others . Generally authority is considered as power due to being accepted as social norms. Three dimension of Power can be understood by Lake's academic theory which says â€Å"three faces of power†. He discussed how the governments Exercise Its controlling power on people by three ways as by decision-making power, by non decision-making power and by Ideological power.Decision-making power Is easily seen In the people behavior and In the way governments wants It to be: the policy decision making power Is widespread by consulting with the Public representatives and popular voice of public. As government controls the agenda of Important Issues (such as the way education policy In India) unacceptable for Public discussion and debate which moderate public forums In case of n on decision making. The third and the Important dimension of of power Is Ideological power, by which thoughts and wishes of public can be altered of influenced -We can see this in Voting patterns and manipulation forNarrate Mood led AND by Middle class even AND was opposing Public distribution system which benefits the lower middle class the Most,which is the example of even getting public want such things who are against their own benefits . Power can be used involve with or without coercion in the family. We can see the simple power relation in between the relationship of Parents and child. Parents takes various kinds of decisions for their children for their betterment and for good future . Or example parents decide about school, they do it for the good of child which is decided by hem only , He can take others advise and may be for example his neighbor may be having more capability to choose better school its comes under the authority of parents only. We can easily see the use o f first dimension of power here. Power may be termed in bad meaning or unjust but the use of power is routed in even ancient Era. Its interesting to see the explanation of power in Family. Family is the basic unit of society and cultural. In the family environment, use of power can be seen in different forms.Power dimensions in the family depends on the type of Emily ,Complexity of relationships and family values, Which can be seen In Family decisions and interpersonal relations and mostly it Is evident in family decisions and behavior . Power relations and its dimensions always Influence the decisions of the Family head Ã'› At one extreme, Power can be understood as Influence, power and Influence looks different due to the way power Is used In society . The three dimension of Power is described and discussed In detail by Likes In his book, Power: A Radical View.According to him , The effectiveness and the degree of Involvement of power for any defined group or mere Individual can be understood by different criteria. The Importance of such views and outlooks Is easily explained and debated at length In Likes' Views, as he explains how use of power can be done In more appropriate way. The One Dimensional View of Power Is best explained by the behavior in decision making, We can see this on key issues and it offers direct related to subjective interests, specially in family relations as to maintain family preferences and demonstration of authority .Family decision are almost taken by Emily head and are binding on family members as they are considered as god for them. We can see the use of first degree of power in daily family life. Its always depends on the thinking of Family head, his values understanding and need of the family. Family heads take decision to avoid the conflict . In nuclear families ,Use of first dimension of power can be easily seen as the nature of conflict and differences in interest are simple in nature.As of small size of family ,direct C ommunication plays very important role and conflict can be simply resolved with less involvement f negotiations, sometime by give and take relationship which can be seen openly in case of conflict. It can make or break the relationships in nuclear family where there is no influence and support of extended which provides room for flexibility in relationship. As the application of above, we can see rising no of divorce cases in urban life. First degree of power also be easily seen in Joint family in India.Although there are complex structures in family relationships in Joint families, then also there are direct conflicts which need decision by choice of family head for the interest of he family members. Normally it comes with responsibility and social obligation in joint family . Onus shifts on the earning member of the family. It is very interesting to see the structure and power relations in Indian Joint family where family interests are guided by certain family values and social pr essure which is declining and tending towards nuclear family.Declining family values are weakening family bonds which better explains the three dimensional view of power. The Two Dimensional Power is Can be termed as the critique of behavior and focuses on decision-making ND non decision-making. We can even see the two dimension of power in economics of family which can be related to the earning member. Suppose parents has less income which didn't allow them to exercise their choice to admit the child to specific school they choose .Sometimes social structure plays important role in such types of family decisions and when its prohibits or promotes exercise of choice ,3rd degree of power can be easily seen. Sometimes Parents express their displeasure about some acts of children and they are able to modify behavior even without use of force which an be termed as 2nd dimension of power. It also looks at current and potential issues and expands the focus on observable conflict to those types that might be observed overtly or covertly.But the Two Dimensional View still focuses on subjective interests, though those seen as policy preferences or even grievances . We can easily see relates to our Joint family where behavior of child is controlled by fear of parents. Even in other relations in the family , individual members of family limits ,controls and guide their behavior to accommodate the needs of other family embers. I have personally seen this in Joint families where Female members prefer to eat after every member of family finish their eating and sometimes they don't have enough to eat. N this example we can easily see the deterrent value of two dimension of power even this is the main reason of Child and Female malnutrition in the rural part of country. Family decisions are infused by extended members, Close relatives and community members . Sometime family values have a lot say into family decisions. Family values and views of extended family members play ve ry crucial role understand it by chill marriage and honor killing are sues which are social evils but still in practice in India.Concept of family Honor or ZETA is closely related to the third dimension of Power. Sometime Popular views ,fashions and Our role models also play very important role in modifying or influencing our family decisions. Family Buying decisions and cultural following is the best example of third dimension of power. The Power Structure and three dimensions of power can be easily understood by happenings In Rural North India, where issue of cast, class and gender are inter elated.People have inherited tendency of enforcing cast and kinship codes from Colonial period when even Colonial court of law consider marriage without parental consent illegal . Family status and Social acceptance Plays very important role in rural life. The greater danger to the honor and zeta ideology comes from the female which tends the demands a sacrifice of the natural ties created by biology which tries to justifies honor killing. Considerations of class and status establish ones status in society which encourages members within caste for conflict and violence in intra- asset marriage alliances.The female guardianship is related to power and control The low female ratio to male also played important role in controlling female sexuality. The need of hour is to create awareness which with the help of Community and Participation of religious / social leaders to encounter the social evil of honor killing. Woman empowerment and woman reservation can also play import roll as tool of social Justice. So from the above we can see that power in the family best explained by the first, second or third dimensional view of power .

Writers differ in the purpose for which they write

Writers differ in the purpose for which they write. Some aim to entertain, but the more serious and skilled writers usually have the goal of expressing a serious idea. Writers such as Hariet Beecher Stowe and Alex Haley are writers who write for more than mere entertainment. Uncle Toms Cabin, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, had a political purpose. Stowe intended to help America realize the inhumanity of slavery and the pain it brought upon African-Americans by writing a melodramatic novel. She despised the South for practicing slavery and the North as well for their prejudice against blacks. Roots was written by Alex Haley in search of his origin. His hunger for knowledge of who he was and who his ancestors were inspired him to carry out numerous years of research and countless interviews in order to finish his book. Although Alex Haley wrote Roots in search of his origin and Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Toms Cabin for a political purpose, both authors lead readers t! o sympathize with the predicaments of African-Americans by putting a human face, as well as a racial one on the tragedy of slavery, thus involving all readers in the inhumanity of the institution. In Uncle Toms Cabin we are cordially introduced to Uncle Tom. He is a large, broad-chested, powerfully-made man, of a full glossy black, and a face whose truly African feature [are] characterized by and expression of grave and steady good sense, united with much kindliness and benevolence(Stowe 24). By her description of Tom, Stowe contradicts the common stereotype that blacks are savages and inhumane by giving Uncle Tom the characteristics of an ideal, honest man. He is described as being "kind" and "benevolent" as well as having an "expression of good sense". Stowe also portrays Uncle Tom as a perfect being. It seems as if his personality is without a flaw and seems too good to be true. By giving Uncle Tom this flawless characteristic...